Meta owns Facebook, Instagram and WhatsApp, and AI companies need huge amounts of online content to train their models. Fights over who may collect that data are part of a wider global debate on AI, copyright and publisher revenue.

Concerns about AI and privacy often centre on whether personal data used in training can be pulled back out later by clever questioning. Anonymising records is one common safeguard, but it may not be a complete shield.

Context: AI model makers have mostly sold software, while IT services firms have long set up that software inside big companies. Now both want the same client budgets, so the AI makers are moving closer to the customer.

Context: AI data centres need huge amounts of electricity to run chatbots and cloud services, and many are being built worldwide. Burning gas releases carbon, so the power source matters for climate targets.

Anthropic is one of several leading AI labs racing to build more capable models. Alignment means making AI systems act in line with human goals and values, and it is a central worry as models grow stronger.

Context: Aadhaar is the 12-digit national ID used for direct benefit transfers and subsidies, while EPIC is the number on a voter ID card issued by the Election Commission. Benefit linking rules often change so payments reach the right people.

Context: mRNA vaccines train the immune system to recognise a target, and they drew wide attention during the Covid-19 pandemic. Personalised cancer vaccines are a growing research area where treatment is tailored to each patient's tumour.

Context: US midterm elections choose members of Congress halfway through a president's four-year term. Many voters now ask AI chatbots basic questions, so the accuracy of the information they get matters.

Context: AI-ready laptops include chips built to run some AI tasks directly on the device, rather than only in the cloud. Makers say this can help with privacy and speed, and it is part of a wider shift in how PCs are sold.

Context: Companies often borrow through bonds to fund large projects, and AI data centres and chips are among the costliest spending today. Voluntary buyouts are offers to leave with payment, a common cost-cutting step at large tech firms.

Context: NASA runs long simulated missions in a closed habitat on Earth to study how crews handle isolation, tight space and limited supplies before real trips. A journey to Mars would take many months each way, far longer than any mission in orbit.

Context: Anthropic makes the Claude chatbot and is one of the biggest AI labs, competing with OpenAI and Google. An IPO means selling shares to the public, so filings like this reveal numbers that were private before.

Context: Third-party cover, which pays for injury or damage a driver causes to others, is compulsory for vehicles in India under the Motor Vehicles Act. Own damage cover, by contrast, pays for repairs to your own vehicle and is usually optional.

Context: Rules like these track money moving in and out of India, so the central bank can monitor foreign exchange flows. Services exports include work such as software, consulting or freelance projects sold to buyers abroad.

Context: India's drug exports have faced scrutiny after past quality failures in cough syrups linked to child deaths abroad, which pushed regulators to tighten checks. Such batch testing is meant to catch problems before medicines reach patients.

Context: Cyberattacks break into computers, phones or networks to steal data or cause damage. Critical infrastructure means systems a country relies on daily, like power, banks and transport. Concern about AI misuse has grown as these tools spread widely.

Diabetic retinopathy damages the small blood vessels in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Regular eye screening is the main way to catch it early, and India has a very large diabetic population.

Context: Google Labs is the company's testing ground for new ideas, and many experiments never reach everyone. Personalised AI, which tailors its output to one user, is a growing trend across big tech firms.

Context: Tea gardens in north Bengal employ large numbers of workers, many of whom depend on wages, rations and housing from the estate. Closed gardens have left families without steady income for years, so reopening them is a long-running demand.

Context: Meteorites are rocks that fall to Earth from space, and more than a hundred known Mars meteorites are thought to have been knocked off the planet by ancient impacts. Studying them lets scientists examine Mars without a spacecraft.

Context: A deepfake is a fake video or audio made with AI tools to look real. The SCO is a regional group that includes India, Russia and China, and it holds regular meetings of foreign ministers.

Context: Glacial lake outbursts happen when meltwater collects behind natural dams of ice or rock and then breaks through. The Himalayas feed major rivers in India, so downstream communities in Bhutan, Nepal and India can be affected.

Context: Foraging means gathering wild food such as mushrooms, and it is a popular hobby in many countries. Protected areas such as national parks have stricter rules so that plants, soil and animals can recover and stay healthy.

Context: Cooperative banks are member-owned lenders that serve local communities, and some have failed in the past. The Reserve Bank of India regulates them, and the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) sets accounting standards.

Context: Form 6 is the standard application for adding a name to the electoral roll, and a Special Intensive Revision is a large review of those rolls. Missing names can decide whether someone is able to vote.

Context: A CIBIL score is a three-digit number, from 300 to 900, that Indian lenders check before approving loans or cards. Banks use it to judge how reliably a person repays debt.

Context: OpenAI makes ChatGPT and is among the biggest AI firms, and governments worldwide are weighing how AI fits into defence and security. The US Army Secretary is the civilian head of the army, so this hire ties the company closer to military planning.

Context: Green crackers are designed to release less pollution than regular firecrackers. Courts often have to balance Diwali traditions with air quality, which is a major concern in Delhi when the air turns severe.

Context: Self-help groups are small groups, usually of women, that pool savings and lend to members, and banks often lend to them in bulk. Government credit drives for these groups are a long-running way to support women's incomes and household finances.

Context: Swift is a NASA space telescope launched in 2004 to study powerful cosmic explosions called gamma-ray bursts. Spacecraft that re-enter the atmosphere usually break up, and the risk depends on where the remaining pieces land.

Context: Several countries have moved to limit phones in classrooms as schools and parents debate how screens affect focus and safety. Mexico's move sits alongside wider efforts to hold online platforms responsible for harmful posts.

Context: Apple's Mac laptops have long used trackpads and keyboards rather than touchscreens, so a touch model would be a notable shift. The MacBook Pro is Apple's main high-end laptop range, widely used by professionals and students.

Context: Tamil Nadu gets its power from a mix of state and central sources, and power supply and electricity prices are often debated in the state. Energy policies set the broad plan for how power is produced, bought and priced over several years.

Context: Aditya-L1 is ISRO's solar observatory, placed near the Sun-Earth Lagrange point L1, about 1.5 million km from Earth. Solar eruptions can disturb satellites and power grids, so studying them helps with space weather forecasts.

Context: IDBI Bank has long been majority-owned by the government and LIC, so selling control to a private investor is a major step that unions have opposed.

Context: India imports most of the crude oil it uses, so global price swings quickly feed into fuel costs and, in turn, the prices of goods and transport. Oil prices are set in global markets, which react to events abroad.

Context: Bangladesh's garment industry is one of its largest employers and a major source of export earnings, with most workers in low-paid factory jobs. Pay and working conditions have been recurring sources of unrest in the sector.

Context: Expandable habitats, which pack small at launch and then open up, are being studied as a cheaper way to build living space for future space missions, and India's private space sector is growing.

Context: Tasmac is Tamil Nadu's state-run liquor retailer, so problems in its systems affect many shops and staff. Bottle buyback schemes ask buyers to return empty bottles for recycling and reuse.

Context: Many small fishing boats on India's west coast have long run on kerosene, a cheap fuel, so price changes hit them quickly. Fishermen have few easy alternatives, and their income depends on daily catches.

Context: Indian law requires employers to have a written harassment prevention policy and a complaint committee. Harassment at work can also happen during travel, client meetings or after-hours events, which is why policies often cover more than the office.

Context: Delhi-NCR, including Gurugram, often sees severe smog in winter, when farm stubble burning and cold weather trap pollution, and authorities use staged steps like these to cut dust and emissions.

Context: PM Surya Ghar is a central government scheme that helps households install rooftop solar panels, and it is a major part of India's push for cleaner energy and lower household power bills.

Context: Implants such as joint replacements and stents stay inside the body for years, so the metal used must be strong and safe. Researchers usually test new alloys carefully for years before they reach patients.

Context: Most large spacecraft are steered to burn up over remote ocean areas when possible, while uncontrolled re-entries like this are rarer, and most debris usually burns up before reaching the ground.

Context: The Election Commission of India maintains the electoral rolls, the lists of people eligible to vote. SIR, or Special Intensive Revision, is an exercise to update these lists, and Form 6 is the standard application to add a name.

Context: Privacy displays narrow the viewing angle so people beside you find the screen hard to read, which helps on crowded trains and in open offices. The Galaxy S series is Samsung's flagship phone line, and the Ultra is its largest and most premium model.

Context: The Karnataka Milk Federation, known as KMF, is the state's cooperative body that sells milk and dairy products under the Nandini brand. A rise in milk and curd prices took effect from November 1, so this reversal is a direct follow-up.

Context: NITI Aayog is the government's policy think tank, and its scoreboards let states compare how their science and innovation efforts measure up. Patents and research papers are common ways to judge a region's technology strength.

Context: Deer are a major browsing animal in eastern North American forests, and heavy feeding can stop young trees from growing up. Over long periods, this can change which plants and trees dominate a woodland.

Context: Parliament passed four labour codes in 2019 and 2020, merging many older labour laws into them, and trade unions have opposed them since. Jantar Mantar is the Delhi site where groups often hold large protests.

Context: MRO means servicing and repairing aircraft and their engines, work that airlines often outsource to specialist firms. Narrow-body jets are the single-aisle planes, such as the Airbus A320 and Boeing 737, that fly most short and medium domestic routes.

Context: Jantar Mantar in central Delhi is a long-used protest spot where groups often gather. Decisions on where protests can be held in Delhi rest with police and the government, and the question often reaches the courts.

Context: Lenacapavir is an injection given twice a year that protects people before infection, unlike daily pills. Generic versions made by Indian drugmakers have often lowered the price of medicines in poorer countries.

Context: Karnataka, and Bengaluru in particular, has long attracted technology and manufacturing companies, and states compete hard for factory investment. Bayer is a German company known for medicines and crop science, while rocket engines power launch vehicles that carry satellites into space.

Context: Grok is the AI chatbot built by Elon Musk's xAI and offered through the X platform. Running advanced AI models takes heavy computing power, which is why many chatbot makers limit how much people can use them.

Context: GRAP, the Graded Response Action Plan, sets steps Delhi takes when air pollution reaches severe levels. Measures like higher parking fees are used to discourage vehicle use in the city during such periods.

Context: Bangladesh's garment industry is one of the world's largest clothing exporters and employs millions of workers, many of them women. Pay has been a recurring source of unrest in the sector, so disputes there can affect global clothing supply.

Context: The monsoon brings most of India's rain, and a weak season reduces water for both farming and reservoirs. Food inflation is the steady rise in the prices of everyday items like grains, vegetables and pulses.

Context: Solar and wind power depend on sunshine and wind, so batteries help store extra power for evening use. Many Indian states are adding storage to their clean energy plans for the same reason.

Context: Worms like C. elegans are used in labs because their genes are simple and easy to study, and many of them match human genes. Polycystin-2 is a protein linked to a form of kidney disease that causes fluid-filled cysts.

Context: Milkweed is a flowering plant that supports pollinators and is a food source for monarch butterflies. Honey bees and other pollinators help crops and wild plants produce fruit and seeds, so changes in their visits matter for ecosystems.

Context: Stubble burning is when farmers burn leftover crop stalks after harvest, mainly in Punjab and Haryana, and the smoke drifts toward Delhi each autumn and winter. States have long argued over who should carry the blame and the cost of fixing it.

Context: The International Space Station is a research lab orbiting Earth where astronauts from several countries live and work. US citizens abroad can vote through absentee ballots, and the crew's method shows how voting can work far from home.

Context: CSIR is the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, a government body that funds labs across India. IICT, the Indian Institute of Chemical Technology in Hyderabad, is one of its labs working on materials and chemistry.

Context: The 1996 treaty shares Ganga river water between India and Bangladesh at Farakka, and it runs for 30 years, so its renewal is a key bilateral issue.

Context: The IMD is India's weather agency, and its alerts guide district officials on whether schools should close. Northeast monsoon rain often affects parts of the south and east in October and November.

Bihar, in eastern India, faces yearly floods during the monsoon, when rivers like the Kosi and Gandak carry heavy loads of silt. Flood plans often aim to reduce damage while also finding useful ways to handle the material dug out of rivers.

Context: IISc Bengaluru is the Indian Institute of Science, a leading research institute. Shastras are classical Indian texts on knowledge and reasoning, and the debate over teaching them alongside engineering has been a recurring topic in Indian education.

Context: Stubble burning is when farmers burn leftover crop stalks after harvest, and it happens every autumn in Punjab and Haryana. The smoke drifts toward Delhi, where cool winter weather often traps pollution close to the ground.

Context: Tiger reserves are protected forests where tigers and other wildlife are kept safe from heavy human activity. Illegal construction in such areas has been a long-running concern, and courts often step in when local rules are broken.

Context: EPF is the Employees' Provident Fund, a retirement savings scheme, and its wage ceiling sets the salary limit for mandatory contributions. Gig workers, such as app-based delivery and cab drivers, usually lack this kind of standard job protection.

Critical infrastructure means power grids, water, transport and banking systems that people rely on every day. Governments are increasingly worried that AI tools could make hacking faster and cheaper, so security teams are racing to keep up.

Context: Languishing is a term psychologists use for low well-being, feeling flat and without purpose, which is different from a formal mental illness. Large surveys like this help track how wellbeing changes across age groups.

Context: Bengaluru has grown fast and depends on water pumped from the Cauvery river and from underground aquifers, so any gap in supply is felt quickly by households.

Context: The State Disaster Response Fund is the central pool that helps states pay for relief after floods, droughts and cyclones. States send assessments to the Centre, which decides how much to release, so revised numbers can change how much money reaches farmers.

Context: Biodiversity loss refers to the decline in the variety of plants, animals and ecosystems, and scientists have warned it is accelerating worldwide. Governments are often judged on whether their environment plans match these warnings.

Context: Maharashtra is a major sugar-producing state, and mills buy cane from farmers at prices that are often negotiated each season, so disputes can delay farmers' payments. Swabhimani Shetkari Sanghatan is a farmers' group known for organising sugarcane protests.

Singareni Collieries is a coal mining company in Telangana, owned jointly by the state government and the Centre. Decisions on dismissed staff often affect families who depend on that income.

Context: India has limited rice exports before to keep food prices steady at home, and rice is a staple for millions of families. Ethanol plants and poultry farms also use grain, so rising demand can tighten supplies.

The Southwest US is largely arid, so dry ground struggles to absorb sudden heavy rain. US midterm elections fall on the Tuesday after the first Monday of November, so floods can disrupt voting plans.

Context: Long-term capital gains tax is charged on profits from selling assets held for a long time, such as shares. Foreign investors put money into Indian markets, so changes to this tax can affect how much they invest.

Context: Bengaluru is building several metro lines to ease heavy road traffic in the city. Namma Metro is the local name for the metro system that serves the city, and new stretches are opened in phases as construction finishes.

Context: Judicial Review is a court process where someone asks a judge to check whether a public body's decision was lawful. Closures of maternity units often lead to legal challenges because they affect pregnant women's access to care.

Context: The Indian Air Force is the country's air arm, and Race Course Air Force Station is in Delhi, close to the Prime Minister's residence. Disputes over who controls government land in Delhi often involve several agencies.

Context: The Milky Way is the galaxy that holds our Sun and the solar system. Galaxies often merge and absorb neighbours over billions of years, and astronomers read the leftover stars to piece together that history.

Viksit Bharat is the government's long-term goal of making India a developed nation by 2047. Banks are central to lending for homes, businesses and farms, so their strength shapes the wider economy.

Context: GRAP is a set of graded steps that tighten as pollution rises, and Stage 2 limits activities such as construction and dust-raising work. Winter smog in north India is worsened by crop residue burning and Diwali firecrackers.

Context: Dibru-Saikhowa is a protected wildlife area in Assam known for its birds and wild animals, so drilling beneath it raises environmental questions. Approvals for such projects usually need clearance from environment and forest authorities.

Context: Disney is one of the world's biggest entertainment companies, earning from films, TV, streaming and theme parks. Across the industry, studios have cut staff as cinema audiences shift and rivals compete for viewers.

Window collisions are one of several human-caused threats to birds, alongside habitat loss and cats. Cornell Lab of Ornithology is a well-known US research centre that studies birds and runs large public science projects.

Context: GST is the goods and services tax, and its rates are set by the GST Council, which the Fitment Committee advises. Delhi's winter smog makes air purifiers a common household need, so tax changes affect many families.

Context: Aatmanirbharta means self-reliance, a policy push to make India less dependent on imports. Defence production and export figures are often tracked as signs of how far that push has gone.

Context: The Asian Cup is Asia's biggest men's football tournament, held every four years, and the Houthis are a Yemen-based group in an ongoing conflict with Saudi Arabia. Delays like this affect team preparation and broadcast plans across Asia.

Context: Sugarcane is sold to sugar factories, so farmers depend on fair prices being agreed for their harvest. Drought stresses the crop and makes pricing disputes more urgent for growers.

Context: Court cases have challenged caste-based rules in prisons, such as separating prisoners or assigning work by caste. Prisons are run by individual states, so the Centre has to collect updates from each one.

Context: Bowel cancer is a cancer of the large intestine, and stage four means it has spread from where it started. Earlier screening can often find it sooner, when treatment has more options.

Context: Mumbai's main airport is busy and short of room, so the newer airport in Navi Mumbai is meant to take some of the load. Foreign carriers that fly to Mumbai are expected to adjust their routes.

Context: Dhanteras falls before Diwali and is traditionally seen as an auspicious day to buy gold or silver. Precious metal prices move daily with global markets, so timing a purchase is hard to predict.

Context: Desert tortoises are a threatened species in the American southwest, and they live long lives and breed slowly, so losses take years to recover. Protected areas do not always stop threats such as disease that spread among animals.

Context: Nitrate in water mostly comes from fertiliser and animal waste that drains into rivers and groundwater. High levels in drinking water are linked to health risks, especially for infants, and WHO guidelines are used by many national regulators.

Context: TASMAC is the Tamil Nadu government's liquor retail corporation, and its shops often draw attention over pricing and staff concerns. Bottle refund schemes aim to bring used glass and plastic back into recycling.

Context: Apple is one of the world's biggest smartphone and laptop makers, and its quarterly results are watched by investors everywhere. Tim Cook led the company for years before John Ternus took over as CEO.

Deepavali is one of the busiest travel periods in India, so extra buses fill up quickly. NWKRTC is the state-run road transport corporation serving north Karnataka's districts.

Context: The RBI sets the repo rate, which affects loan interest rates, and it holds policy meetings several times a year. Surveys like these help it judge whether people expect prices to keep rising.

Context: AFC Champions League Two is Asia's second-tier club competition, and East Bengal is one of the Indian clubs taking part. Results like this shape how far Indian clubs can progress in the tournament.

Context: Cane toads were introduced to Australia in 1935 to control beetles, but they spread widely and are poisonous to native predators. Rio Tinto's funding shows industry is now helping pay for the effort.

Context: Air India is one of India's largest airlines and was taken over by the Tata group in 2022. Widebody jets are large planes used for long international routes, and airlines often cut costs to become profitable.

Context: The Ranji Trophy is India's main domestic first-class cricket tournament, played between state teams, and strong performances there help players earn selection for higher levels.

Context: Job openings show how hard companies are looking to hire, and the health of the US economy affects markets and trade worldwide, including India's IT and export sectors.

Context: The Enforcement Directorate investigates money laundering and financial fraud under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act. Attaching assets means the agency holds them while the court case continues, and it comes before any final decision.

Supermarkets rely on networked controls for things like freezer temperatures, so a cyber-attack can disrupt cold storage without any physical break-in. Food that is not kept at safe temperatures often has to be discarded.

MSP, or minimum support price, is a floor price the government sets so sellers are protected when market prices fall. Minor forest produce covers items like honey, tendu leaves and gum that forest dwellers collect, and many of them come from tribal families.

Context: Cyclones form over warm seas in the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea and often bring heavy rain as they move over land. The Andhra Pradesh coast is hit by such storms most years, so state disaster teams issue alerts before and during landfall.

Context: India has kept a cautious stance on genetically modified crops and foods, and dairy supports the livelihoods of millions of farmers. Trade talks with other countries often push for wider market access, so this stance matters in those negotiations.

Context: Pumped-storage plants move water uphill when power is cheap and release it to make electricity at peak demand, which helps balance the grid. The Western Ghats is a mountain range known for rich biodiversity and many tribal communities.

Context: The WTA is the women's professional tennis tour, and a wild card is an entry given by organisers instead of earned through rankings. Chennai hosts this tour event, so Indian players get rare chances to play in front of home fans.

Context: States usually send a memorandum to the Centre after crop losses, and the central government reviews it before deciding how much relief to release. Taluks are sub-district administrative units in Karnataka.

Context: The Waqf Act changes how Waqf properties, which are lands given for religious and charitable purposes, are managed. Waqf boards look after these properties, so the case affects many institutions and communities.

Context: The National Health Mission is a central-state health programme that supports clinics and hospitals across India, and many of its staff are hired on short-term contracts. Such temporary staff often keep basic services running in district and rural hospitals.

Context: The Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) is a set of steps that tighten as Delhi's air worsens, with curbs on construction and some vehicles. Every autumn, crop stubble burning in Punjab and Haryana adds to the smog that settles over the capital.

Context: FCRA stands for Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, which governs foreign funds received by Indian groups and NGOs. Parliamentary committees gather feedback from stakeholders before recommending changes to laws like this.

Context: The tribunal checks whether laws follow Poland's constitution, and the lower house of parliament appoints its judges. Tusk leads the government, while Nawrocki won the presidency in 2025 and is not aligned with it.

Context: The Ranji Trophy is India's top first-class cricket tournament, with teams playing multi-day matches. A big first-innings total often decides how the rest of a match goes.

Context: Sugarcane is bought from farmers at a minimum support price, which the government sets, and mills must pay it. When that price rises, mills and farmers often disagree over who bears the extra cost, which is why talks are needed.

Context: EMIs split a purchase into fixed monthly payments, often with interest or processing fees that add to the total. Many people use them during the festive season, when stores run many offers and discounts.

Context: India is one of Apple's fastest-growing markets, and it has been opening its own retail stores and manufacturing iPhones locally in recent years. Quarterly results are closely watched by investors because they show whether demand for phones and other devices is holding up.

Context: Delhi has tried bans for years because firecracker smoke adds to winter air pollution, which often reaches severe levels after Deepavali. Green firecrackers were introduced as a lower-emission option, but enforcement has been patchy.

Context: Net zero means cutting greenhouse gas emissions so the amount added to the air is balanced by what is removed. Wales is a country within the UK, and its public bodies, such as councils and health services, have their own climate targets.

Context: The 37°C figure as normal body temperature dates back to a 19th-century German study, and readings vary by person, time of day and measurement method. Tracking your own usual reading over time is a simple way to notice changes.

Context: Andhra Pradesh's coast is hit by cyclones most years, often in the October to December period, and the state usually sets up relief helplines and shelters before landfall. The India Meteorological Department issues the warnings that guide these moves.

Context: Khoya, also called mawa, is a key base for many Indian sweets, so food safety checks before festivals are common. Adulteration is a long-running problem in India, and food safety rules are enforced by state and city authorities.

Gold is a traditional savings and wedding gift in India, so changes in tax and import rules affect buyers and jewellers directly. Central banks hold gold as a reserve asset, and their buying can shape global prices.

Context: Delhi's markets rely on steady footfall, so repeated protests in the capital can keep shoppers away and shops closed. Business groups have long pressed for protest-free periods, a request that sits within a wider debate over how the city balances public demonstrations with trade.

The U.K. has debated migration for years and faces a shortage of care staff for older and disabled people. Indefinite leave to remain is a settled status that lets a person live and work there without a time limit on their visa.

Mail-in ballots are votes sent in before election day, and each US state sets its own counting rules. Court fights over voting rules have been common ahead of the 2026 midterm elections.

Context: Openers usually face the new ball at the top of the order, while middle-order batters come in later and must adapt to different match situations. Teams often move players between these spots to fill gaps or balance the side.

Context: Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine began in February 2022, and talks between the two sides have been held on and off since. The UAE has previously hosted talks and prisoner exchanges between the parties.

Context: Launched in 1977, Voyager 1 is run by NASA and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and has been sending data from beyond the edge of the solar system. Its power is slowly falling, so the mission is expected to end in the coming years.

Context: AFC Champions League Two is Asia's second-tier club competition, and East Bengal is a Kolkata-based Indian club. Teams that lose early in a group stage can be eliminated, so a win keeps their qualification hopes alive.

Context: Western Sahara is a disputed territory that Morocco controls most of, while the Polisario Front seeks independence. The UN mission was set up in 1991 to monitor a ceasefire, and its end reflects wider US-Russia tensions in the Security Council.

Context: COP is the United Nations' annual climate summit, where countries negotiate how to cut emissions. Poorer nations argue that rich countries should provide climate money, and how that money is given is a central dispute.

Context: PFAS are a family of man-made chemicals nicknamed forever chemicals because they break down very slowly in the body and environment. Governments often measure them to judge how widely people are exposed.

CID, the police Criminal Investigation Department, runs character checks that are often needed for government jobs in Jammu and Kashmir. Past cases can therefore follow families for years.

Context: The Ranji Trophy is India's main domestic first-class cricket tournament, where state teams play multi-day matches. A first innings lead can matter in the standings, so it is an important step in a team's campaign.

Context: Bengaluru is home to many IT firms that employ people from across India, and the question of local jobs for Kannada speakers has been debated for years. Such demands often focus on state job rules and language skills.

Context: El Nino is a natural warming pattern in the Pacific Ocean that often brings weaker monsoon rain to India and hotter, drier weather, raising risks of heat illness and water shortages.

Context: India and Nepal share an open border and close cultural, trade and energy links. Visits by senior officials like the Foreign Secretary usually prepare the ground for top-level meetings between the two governments.

Context: The Seeds Act, 1966 is India's main law on seed quality and sale, and it predates many modern farming methods. Fertiliser makers, like seed companies, depend on licences and approvals to bring new products to farmers.

Context: VB-G RAM G is the rural employment law passed in 2025 that replaced MGNREGA, the earlier scheme guaranteeing work to rural households. Gram panchayats are village-level councils.

Context: The Paris Agreement is the 2015 global climate pact under which countries set their own targets. Brazil holds much of the Amazon rainforest, so deforestation is a major issue there.

Context: Extreme poverty in India is tracked through national surveys and international poverty lines, so claims about how many people have moved out depend on which measure is used. Economists often debate such figures, so checking the data source helps.

Context: Easy access to credit cards and buy-now-pay-later options has made quick purchases simpler in India, and online shopping keeps spending decisions just one tap away.

Context: Iveco is a European maker of trucks and buses, while Tata Motors is an Indian automaker that owns Jaguar Land Rover. Deals like this let Indian firms grow in commercial vehicles abroad.

Context: Home textiles include products like bedsheets, towers and curtains. Indian exporters often use international trade fairs to meet overseas buyers, so support for these trips can affect their business.

Non-fossil sources include solar, wind, hydro and nuclear, which do not burn coal, oil or gas. Shifting power generation toward them is part of India's wider push to cut emissions and meet its climate pledges.

Context: The Supreme Court is India's highest court, and its remarks often push governments and regulators to act. Airfares in India are set by airlines and can change quickly with demand, fuel costs and airline capacity.

Context: The US has provided Israel with billions of dollars in military aid for decades under multi-year agreements, and it is one of the most closely watched parts of the relationship. Israel is a close US partner in the Middle East.

Context: Smoking is a leading known cause of lung cancer, and doctors often stress that quitting at any age lowers the risk. Studies like this help researchers find early warning signs, which could lead to earlier checks and better treatment in the future.